Enfermeiros militares na força auxiliar do estado do Rio de Janeiro: um estudo histórico / Military nurses in the auxiliary force of the state of Rio de Janeiro: a historical study / Enfermeros militares en la fuerza auxiliar del estado de Rio de Janeiro: un estudio histórico

OBJETIVO: Analisar o processo de seleção da primeira turma de Oficiais Enfermeiros do Corpo de Bombeiros do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, realizado no período de 1992 a 1993. MÉTODO: Trata-se de uma pesquisa histórica, do tipo documental, cujas fontes históricas diretas foram documentos escritos relativos ao tema. RESULTADOS: Foram oito vagas para oficiais enfermeiros, que se submeteram a um processo seletivo rigoroso, sendo selecionados cinco homens e três mulheres, após aprovação nas quatro etapas do concurso. DISCUSSÃO: Integrar o Corpo de Bombeiros significava submeter-se às regras que o estruturavam, e para lograr êxito era necessária a atualização do habitus dos postulantes à patente de oficiais na Corporação. CONCLUSÃO: Enfermeiros foram selecionados dentro do rigor exigido pela Instituição, cujo domínio do conhecimento na área de enfermagem deveria caminhar pari passu com boas condições de saúde e condicionamento físico, atributos fundamentais no desempenho de um bombeiro militar.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the selective process of the first class of Nursing Officers of the Fire Department of the State of Rio de Janeiro, carried out from 1992 to 1993. METHOD: This is a historical research, a documental one, which used as direct historical sources written documents concerning the theme. OUTCOMES: There were eight vacancies for nursing officers, who were submitted to a rigorous selective process that approved five men and three women after four stages along the contest. DISCUSSION: Making part of the Fire Department meant to accept being submitted to its structural rules, and succeeding required updating the habitus of the candidates according to the ranking of the Corporation's officers. CONCLUSION: Nurses were selected under the rigorous criteria as required by the Institution. Their knowledge abilities in the nursing area should come at equal pace as good health conditions and physical fitness, fundamental performance attributes of a military officer of the Fire Department.

OBJETIVO: Analizar el proceso de selección del primer grupo de Oficiales Enfermeros del Cuerpo de Bomberos del estado de Rio de Janeiro, realizado en el período de 1992 a 1993. MÉTODO: Se trata de una investigación histórica, del tipo documental, cuyas fuentes históricas directas han sido los documentos escritos relativos al tema. RESULTADOS: Fueron ocho vacantes para oficiales enfermeros, que se sometieron a un riguroso proceso de selección. Tras aprobar en las cuatro etapas del concurso, se seleccionaron a cinco hombres y a tres mujeres. DISCUSIÓN: Formar parte del Cuerpo de Bomberos significaba someterse a las reglas que lo estructuraban, y para lograr éxito se hacía necesaria una actualización del habitus de los postulantes al rango de oficiales en la Corporación. CONCLUSIÓN: Los enfermeros se seleccionaron dentro del rigor exigido por la Institución, y su dominio del conocimiento en el área de enfermería debería caminar pari passu con las buenas condiciones de salud y acondicionamiento físico, atributos fundamentales en el desempeño de un bombero militar.

Historical changes in chemical exposures encountered by Danish firefighters.

Objective This study aimed to demonstrate the possibility of using history science methods in occupational studies by evaluating overall historical changes in Danish firefighting modifying chemical exposures from smoke and fire trucks. Methods Data on changes in Danish firefighting after World War II were searched for in both museums and the Danish library catalogue REX, accessing collections of literature from all institutes of the University of Copenhagen and the Danish Royal Library. Results Several historical changes were identified either increasing or reducing chemical exposures in Danish firefighting. New sources of chemical exposures included more toxic smoke combustion from plastic materials introduced in the 1950s, exhaust from new diesel engines introduced in the 1960s and new assignments relating to chemical cleanups in the 1970s and traffic accidents in the 1990s. Nevertheless, several improvements in the profession`s work environment may have reduced chemical exposures, for example, mandatory use of more effective respiratory protection equipment in the 1970s, incorporation of mechanical exhaust systems in the 2000s, and filters and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) for diesel engines in the 2010s. Conclusion The data showed that the work environment in Danish firefighting has undergone several improvements during the last decades. At the same time, however, several new chemical hazards have also been introduced. Consequently, no strong conclusions as to whether Danish firefighting overall has become a less hazardous profession can be made.

Health Resort Opatija Volunteer Fire Brigade and Rescue Society.

Not only the health service but also several other humanitarian institutions and societies were active in Abbazia÷Opatija, the most important town on the once Austrian Riviera, the town that was also known as the Austrian Nice. The most important of the societies was The Health Resort Opatija Volunteer Fire Brigade and Rescue Society. The authors of this article have been particularly interested in the society's founding and its activity until it moved into the new building at 6, St. Florjan's Street in 1910. The fast urbanisation and the development of the industry raised the need of the well organised activity of putting out fires. The German gymnastics societies were the first to include the education and the skills development of the volunteer firemen into their programmes. The first volunteer fire brigades appeared in Austria after 1863. The huge fire that broke out in Vienna in 1881 showed that the fast and efficient rescuing demanded a well prepared organization of a team of rescuers. Based on the initiative of the chimney sweep Franz Drescher and The South Railway Company, the volunteer fire brigade was founded in Opatija already in 1886. The founding of the volunteer rescue society was based on the idea given by dr. Jaromir Mundy, the permanent guest in Opatija and a friend of prof. dr. Theodor Billroth, in 1894. The intertwining activity of the both societies resulted in their formal joining. The head physician became dr. Franz Tripold, the chief commander was Franz Doberlet junior. For his special merits, the general assembly of the Health Resort Opatija Volunteer Fire Brigade and Rescue Society appointed him the honourable commander of the society in 1903 and he received a special photo album with the photos of the volunteer firemen and the rescuers' practice. The Emperor Franz Joseph I Jubilee Fire Station, the Rescue Station And the Sanatorium (Kaiser Franz Joseph I Jubiläums - Feuerwehrrüstungshaus, Rettungsstation und Erholungsheim) was given to the use on 1st October 1910. Since then, the two societies worked at this same location. The Volunteer Fire Brigade Opatija has been located in this building ever since.

Estudio de las incapacidades temporales en una población laboral de alto riesgo / A cross-sectional study of scikness absence in a high-risk occupational population

Objetivo: conocer las tasas de incapacidad temporal (IT) de los bomberos de la Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid (CAM) durante 1997. Métodos: se realizó estudio transversal descriptivo de las IT de los trabajadores pertenecientes al Parque de bomberos de la CAM, con un total de 678 bomberos fijos y 322 contratados. Se analizaron variables sociolaborales y variables relacionadas con la IT, utilizando las tasas habituales en epidemiología laboral. Resultados: en 1997 se produjeron 426 IT con 13.768 días de baja. Más del 80% de las IT fueron debidas a contingencias comunes y el resto fueron originadas por accidentes de trabajo. Entre las bajas por contingencias comunes, las afecciones del aparato locomotor (21 %) y las enfermedades respiratorias (16%) fueron las más frecuentes. Por edad, los afectados con más frecuencia fueron los trabajadores de 40­49 años. Se realizaron 8.153 intervenciones y no se observó asociación entre el número de intervenciones realizadas y la distribución mensual de las IT por contingencias comunes. El índice de frecuencia de absentismo por IT para los bomberos fijos fue del 63% con un índice de duración media de 7,1 jornadas laborales y 32,3 días naturales. El índice de duración media fue de 6,7 jornadas laborales para las IT por contingencias comunes y de 9,4 jornadas para los accidentes laborales. Conclusiones: los bomberos de la CAM presentaron una tasa de IT relativamente elevada, sobre todo por contingencias comunes que generan importantes pérdidas económicas. No obstante, son los accidentes laborales los que originaron las mayores pérdidas laborales en términos de duración. Las acciones preventivas deben centrarse en las afecciones del sistema locomotor y respiratorio (AU)

Objective: To assess the rates of occupational sickness absence among the firefighters of the Autonomous Community of Madrid (ACM) in 1997. Methods: Cross­sectional descriptive study of the sick leaves of the firefighters working in the ACM Firefighters Park during 1997 (678 permanent workers and 322 temporary workers). We analyzed social and occupational variables and calculated standard indexes used in occupational epidemiology. Results: In 1997, 426 sick leaves and 13, 768 lost workdays were produced. Over 80% of the sick leaves were due to medical causes, while the remaining were due to occupational accidents. Among those produced by medical causes, the locomotor system ( 21 % ) and the respiratory system (16%) were the most frequently affected. By age, 40­49 year­old workers were the most frequently affected. The sick leaves resulted in 8153 interventions, but no association was found between the number of interventions and the monthly distribution of the sick leaves. The global absenteeism frequency index for permanent firefighters was 63%, with an average duration index of 7.1 workdays lost and 32.3 days lost. The average duration index was 6.7 workdays lost by medical causes and 9 .4 days lost by occupational accidents. Conclusions: The ACM's firefighters showed relatively high absenteeism rates, mainly due to medical causes, with important economical losses. Occupational accidents, however, resulted in longer leaves. Preventive actions need to focus on locomotor and respiratory system diseases (AU)